Hartmann Luggage Case Report Essay

With the analysis we did in class, we made the suggestion of not doing the next promotion. The first thing I did after class was adjusting our model in class from three months moving average to a five months moving average, with data from previous two months, current month, and two months after. With this adjustment, the incremental increased a little, but still, I think it’s not attractive enough when taken other factors, such as cannibalization effects, into consideration. Also, as Katz pointed out, â€Å"the April-May 1978 promotion had been announced on January 1† (page 14), the relative lower January-February 1978 sales level should not be used to forecast March-May 1978 sales without promotions. In fact, I believe it is the announcement of promotion on January 1st that led to the low sales level in January-February 1978. Retailers would order fewer units prior to the promotion but catch up with more units ordered during promotion period. This should also be considered to cut the attractiveness promotion. Other than the data analysis we did in class, there are a few more reasons I don’t recommend Hartmann to have a price promotion in the following year. First, price promotion will damage Hartmann’s brand image. One of Katz’s principles for Hartmann was to â€Å"maintain a prestigious image† (page 2). Since the price promotion itself was not very efficient, why should Hartmann risk its brand image to do it? Second, as Katz said, there are all kinds of different ways to increase total sales, and, based on luggage consumer surveys, price promotion was definitely not the best way for Hartmann to achieve higher sales. From Hartmann’s own survey, durability and style were considered the most important features in selecting luggage (page 5). Although the results itself seems like is a little misleading, since price was not an option on that questionnaire, it actually should be the real case, and this conclusion could be proved from the industry market research in Exhibit 2. In this research result, only â€Å"31% of respondents cited price as the most important criterion in selecting luggage†, while â€Å"21% cited it as the least important criterion†, and only â€Å"26% would ‘wait for sale, then go there to buy’† (page 16). Also, considered the target market for Hartmann, which are â€Å"customers who demanded the highest quality and durability in luggage† (page 1), and its market position as â€Å"most expensive in the industry† (page 1), the demand  of its products was definitely inelastic. With such an inelastic demand, price promotion would never be the best approach to improve sales, especially to improve profit. So what would be a better way for Hartmann to increase sales and profit? The same as the consultants, I would recommend Hartmann to make more advertisements to build wider brand awareness among target consumers (page 14). The reason I makes this recommendation are as follows. Based on the industry research report in Exhibit 2 (page 16), â€Å"48% of respondents believed they would favor a brand of luggage they recognized or had seen advertised†. The percentage for Hartmann’s target consumers might be even higher, because they were pursuing â€Å"the highest quality and durability in luggage† and the probability that they would trust an unknown brand was very low. However, according to Hartmann’s telephone survey (page 5), the overall aided awareness level was pretty low among high income level customers, who were considered as Hartmann’s target customers, and â€Å"only 5% of respondents recalled having seen any Hartmann advertising†. Therefore, building brand awareness among target consumers by increasing advertising should be the best way for Hartmann to increase sales and, more important, not jeopardize either profitability or brand image. Therefore, all reasons listed above, as well as sales data analysis we did in class, point to one identical conclusion that price promotion was not a good choice for Hartmann to achieve sales and earnings objectives. Yet, increasing advertising was a harmless and more effective approach to help Hartmann achieve its objectives.

Theories of Buying and Selling

Jan Bronowski is a salesperson for Packard Bell (a computer company www. packardbell. com) and works exclusively in PC world  (www. pcworld. com) a retail company selling personal computers, printers, software and ancillary computer-related equipment. Working on a one-toone basis, the job involves demonstrating the functions of hardware and software packages, answering any questions the prospect may have and solving problems by matching the appropriate products to the customer’s needs. At the point of purchase, the prospect is ‘handed over’ to someone else who deals with payment, credit arrangements and invoicing. After six months, Jan has been relatively successful. He has worked hard and believes that his confidence, the ability to strike up rapport with prospects and his ability to ‘read a prospect’ have contributed to his success. The company have decided to promote him to their direct business division, selling to local firms. As part of his new job, Jan has contacted by telephone the office manager of a local company which produces chemicals and employs 60 people, 12 of those in office and administrative positions. He is excited at the prospect of making his first sale. The office manager was interested in his products and has asked Jan to call and see him the following week. Prior to his visit, Jan has been asked to post the relevant details of his products to the office manager. He has also been requested to bring some of the equipment to demonstrate to the office staff who would eventually use any such equipment. Thinking about his forthcoming visit, Jan is apprehensive; his background in retail has been with relatively inexperienced customers, and he is unsure of his ability to explain the product in these new surroundings to a more technical audience. He is also worried about demonstrating the product to the office staff since one of the advantages which will become apparent at any such demonstration is the potential staff savings of the equipment. Meanwhile, back at the chemicals company, the office manager is trying to convince his managing director of the wisdom of his decision because of the capital outlay required. The purchasing manager is upset because he has not been consulted about the proposed purchase and rings Jan directly to complain of his annoyance at being bypassed, telling Jan that he is determined to block the purchase on principle.

Selection of Consultants Benefits Administration Operations Thesis Proposal

Selection of Consultants Benefits Administration Operations - Thesis Proposal Example 2.0 Project Terms of Reference 2.1 Introduction and Background LRH Financial is a global investment management firm. The company has been a pioneer in providing new and innovative investment management services to our clients worldwide. 2.2 Project Objective Employees are the most important resource an organization has and LRH recognizes the importance of providing employee well-being by offering state of the art benefits package to our employees. The objective of this project is to update Benefits Administration of LRH. This will improve and enhance the benefits package that our employees obtain from the company. 2.3 Project Scope LRH likes to outsource the following benefits administration operations to a vendor who can provide all of most of the following services, preferably for 5 years. The broad scope of this project covers the following (Wayne State University, n.d.): 2.3.1. Medical and Dental Insurance - Company offers a variety of medical insurance services like hospitalization expenses etc., to employees and their dependants. The vendor will manage the medical insurance records and claims. 2.3.2. Life Insurance - The vendor will develop procedures for maintaining life insurance files and systems for the company's employees. 2.3.3. Retirement Plan - Retirement allowances and severance pay etc. will be calculated and maintained by the vendor for the company. 2.3.4. Tuition Assistance Plan - The company offers tuition assistance to its employees' children. The records and related calculation systems will be operated by the vendor observing the company's directives. 2.3.5. Online access to Benefits Administration for self-service functionality - A self-service function will be available on the company's intranet where all...The objective of this project is to update Benefits Administration of LRH. This will improve and enhance the benefits package that our employees obtain from the company. LRH likes to outsource the following benefits administration operations to a vendor who can provide all of most of the following services, preferably for 5 years. The broad scope of this project covers the following (Wayne State University, n.d.): 2.3.1. Medical and Dental Insurance - Company offers a variety of medical insurance services like hospitalization expenses etc., to employees and their dependants. The vendor will manage the medical insurance records and claims. 2.3.4. Tuition Assistance Plan - The company offers tuition assistance to its employees' children. The records and related calculation systems will be operated by the vendor observing the company's directives. 2.3.5. Online access to Benefits Administration for self-service functionality - A self-service function will be available on the company's intranet where all the employees can have secured access to their benefits administration records. They should also be able to communicate with relevant vendor personnel to resolve any queries they might have.

Critically assess the sustainability policy of The Sustainable Luxury Essay

Critically assess the sustainability policy of The Sustainable Luxury Forum 2015 - Essay Example When implemented, the policy will maximise the ability of the event to contribute positively to development and sustenance of sustainable development goals. It is, therefore, the aim of the policy to see an elevated standard of practice that is consistent with the best practices in event sustainability. The sustainable luxury forum is a series of events aimed at addressing issues related to communication, safety, energy reduction, waste minimisation, environmental conservation among others (Cole 2004). Critically assessing the sustainable management policy of this 2015 event will help in determining the strengths of the policy and coming up with recommendations on how the performance of the policy in management of the event can be improved to ensure that the mission and vision of the event are achieved. The baseline goal of any policy is not just to ensure success of the event but also its sustainability (Schwandner 2004, p. 33). Measuring the degree of sustainability is a common challenge in many organisations. Triple bottom line is a theoretic approach to measuring of sustainability. This theory was developed in mid-1990 by John Elkington as an accounting model. Presently, the theory is used beyond the measurement of profits and losses in accounting setting to include other dimensions where management is necessary. It is, therefore, widely used in environmental and also social dimensions (Kaiser & Ringlstetter 2011). The theory incorporates three dimensions of policy performance that should be established and sustained: social, environmental and financial. The main focus of the theory as it is the main theory that will be used in this paper are the people (social), the planet (environmental) and the profits (financial). These are also known as the three Ps. The social factors thus considered may include the community variations and issues related to resources

History of Maya Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

History of Maya - Essay Example In the warm climate ÃŽ ¿f the Maya area, clothing as protection from the elements had never been a necessity. Maya clothing was used as decoration and the most spectacular clothes were for the priest. The Maya personages wore large ear plugs, necklaces, breastplates, ornaments attached to the nose, lips, waist, legs, arms, all were used for resplendent effect. Mayan peasants wore very little. The men had a simple loincloth or rather a band ÃŽ ¿f material that went once around their waist and then between their legs. Some at least possessed deerskin moccasins. The women had two garments a length ÃŽ ¿f decorated cloth with holes cut for head and arms, known as a kub. Man and women used a heavier square ÃŽ ¿f cloth known as a manta, which served as an overwrap on cold days, and as a night time blanket. The mantra was used as a curtain across the doorway. Cotton and sisal were cultivated on a considerable scale, and weaving was one ÃŽ ¿f the main occupations ÃŽ ¿f Mayan women. Authorities think that cotton was reserved for nobility and priests. While the dress ÃŽ ¿f the peasants was simple, that ÃŽ ¿f the nobility was much more colorful and elaborates. Although their clothing was sparse, the Maya were fond ÃŽ ¿f personal adornment. The ordinary people wore ornaments ÃŽ ¿f bone, shell, wood, and stone in their ears, noses, and lips. For people in the higher rank, the decorations were ÃŽ ¿f metal or jade. They also filed their teeth into points and sometimes covered them with plates ÃŽ ¿f what were to them precious stones. ... The Maya personages wore large earplugs, necklaces, breastplates, ornaments attached to the nose, lips, waist, legs, arms, all were used for resplendent effect (Brainerd 68). Mayan peasants wore very little. The men had a simple loincloth or rather a band f material that went once around their waist and then between their legs. Some at least possessed deerskin moccasins. The women had two garments a length f decorated cloth with holes cut for head and arms, known as a kub. Man and women used a heavier square f cloth known as a manta, which served as an overwrap on cold days, and as a night time blanket. The manta was used as a curtain across the doorway. Cotton and sisal were cultivated on a considerable scale, and weaving was one f the main occupations f Mayan women. Authorities think that cotton was reserved for nobility and priests. While the dress f the peasants was simple, that f the nobility was much more colorful and elaborates (Whitlock 43). Although their clothing was sparse, the Maya were fond f personal adornment. The ordinary people wore ornaments f bone, shell, wood and stone in their ears, noses and lips. For people in the higher rank, the decorations were f metal or jade. They also filed their teeth into points and sometimes covered them with plates f what were to them precious stones, such as obsidian, iron pyrites and most valuable f all jade. Paint was used lavishly on their bodies, and was applied by means f pottery shards dipped in the paint pot. The colors f the paints had significance. The Maya also practiced tattooing (Whitlock 44). Mayan villagers were overall well organized. The families had a certain distribution f land. Probably, each f the habitants

DIOPHANTUS A KEY FIGURE IN THE HISTORY OF ALGEBRA Essay

DIOPHANTUS A KEY FIGURE IN THE HISTORY OF ALGEBRA - Essay Example He was a Greek mathematician who was born, raised and lived in Alexandria in Egypt which was considered a striking center for learning and culture in the Greek world. During his time he was best known for his collection of books arithmetica which was a landmark work in the algebra history. He had a very huge influence on the development of number theory with the Diophantine equations (Book Rags, n.d). Diophantus’ book The Arithmetica was a much higher one on level compared to the others as it had (or it gave) many amazing solutions to the difficult indeterminate equations. He was very keen as he did not have any impression for zero and tried as much as he could to avoid negatives in his equations. His keenness drove him at three types of quadratic equations that include ax2 + bx = c, ax2 = bx + c and ax2 + c = bx. However despite him using the three types, today’s mathematics only one case (only one quadratic equation) is looked at. He also considered other various types of problems. He was good at solving many mathematics problems that included the pairs of simultaneous quadratic equations (Algebra.com) Diophantus made many contributions to algebra and one of contributions which will be discussed in detail is the problems of Arithmetica. There are six books of Arithmetica that present the indeterminate and determinate problems and they are treated using algebraic inequalities and algebraic equations. Diophantus moves from the simple to difficult in the degree of the unknown numbers and equations. All his works are summed in the sixth book which has a number of exercises that belong to a variety of group problems. The exercises are related to the right triangle and without taking into consideration the dimensions; the polynomials are created from the surface and from the sides and once from the angle bisector (encyclopedia.com., 2011). The first book by Diophantus contains the determinate problems that are of the second and the first degree.

Auditing and Consulting in Accounting Firms Research Paper

Auditing and Consulting in Accounting Firms - Research Paper Example The concept of moral hazard originated in the insurance business when the insured party exhibits immoral behavior by giving out wrong information, implying an outright fraud, but this definition has since been used in economics, in a situation where there is asymmetry in the information available. One party has more relevant information or data than the other party and is therefore in a better position to take action that will insulate itself from risks, while the other party unknowingly bears the negative consequences if things go wrong or not as expected. Previously, external auditing firms were hired for their accounting and auditing skills for expertise in these matters. However, the past few decades saw the rise of many independent smaller accounting firms, causing an intense rivalry or competition for new accounting clients. A response by the big global accounting and auditing firms was to branch out into a new service, in which they profess to have management expertise, and this is in the consultancy business. In the auditing market, there was saturation and maturity, hence accounting and auditing firms started to offer integrated auditing, consultancy, and advisory services (The Economist, 2012, p. 1). This situation has an inherent moral hazard in it, because accounting and auditing firms should not provide consultancy services to the same firms that they are auditing. There is a good tendency to manipulate the books (window dressing) to enhance assets, profits, or credit rating to justify the huge consultancy fees, which is a very lucrative revenue stream for these firms. Some regulators and policymakers have doubts whether it is possible to maintain accounting integrity or professional independence in these kind of situations. This is clearly an anomaly, similar to the fox guarding the chicken coop; it has been demonstrated by the corporate

Health Promotion Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Health Promotion - Research Paper Example This is why there are a number of media publications which cater to this particular segment due to seeing an opportunity to serve the seniors and attend to their health and life concerns. There are also many Web sites which cater to this seniors group with the rise of Internet usage. One such site is the magazine of the American Association of Retired Persons (AAR) which can be accessed by anyone with an Internet connection and which has about 37 million members. However, there are a lot of seniors who are not very proficient or familiar with the use of personal computers and do not how to access the Internet, especially for those who have poor eyesight or are not very computer literate. Advancing age brings with it the usual ailments of old age such as arthritis, osteoporosis, failing eyesight, poor hearing, problems with maintaining proper balance when standing and while walking, danger of falling down in the stairs or in the bath room, plus all other health needs like having a good diet and physical fitness. The name of the Web site is itself already indicative of the target market for its products and services (www.aarp.org, 2014). Topics are relevant for seniors people (55+ years) and so the site is effective in its messages like maintaining wellness, on leading healthy lives, and preventing common ailments and in the avoidance of the usual accidents at home (Gullota & Bloom,

Research in Urban education Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

In Urban education - Research Paper Example In most cases, gender differences have been noticed when it comes to selection of particular subjects of study and overall college performance as well. In this paper, I would like to achieve an understanding of both sociological and psychological effects that single sex schools have on a student’s preference of certain major over others and also the impact that it may have on one’s personal development and ability to perform well in college and subsequently perform well in life. In the past few decades the interest in single sex education in both private and government schools has risen drastically. In fact the trend is the same in most countries including U.S, Australia, New Zealand and Great Britain. This has been attributed to underachievement of students and the practice of taking up gender-stereotypes subjects for study (Smyth, 2010). An individuals’ life choices is often based on his schooling and school attainment. This is simply because the quality of education at the school level plays a pivotal role in shaping a persons’ cognitive and behavioural aspects. Schooling and schooling atmosphere has broader implications on a student’s future choices and ability to perform in a much demanding college environment. Our education system regards single sex schools or sex segregated classes as an antidote to the inequality present among the genders. Single sex schools have been looked upon as an attempt to influence school attainment (Lee and Marks, 1992). From a more personal perspective I believe that the existence of the debate about the affect that single schools may have on education and career choice is very much vindicated. There exists both pros and cons when it comes to single sex schooling and co-educational schooling. In fact, the effect of such schooling is known to have more impacts on female students than on their male counterparts. Therefore, we one may say that the schooling system potentially impacts a female student’s life and

Post-modern management Essay Example for Free

Post-modern management Essay It has always been the goal of man to be able to describe humanity and the world in which they live in. In doing this, we are inclined to search for answers, to find resolutions to our needs and problems. Decisions become important and the ability to use knowledge to make intelligent choices become essential. It is not such a wonder then that through all those years, man has developed countless theories and practices and had reinforced them with countless examples. In the world of management and leadership, the conventional approach to things involves a rigid and tested way of creating solutions. Traditional management science, furthermore, involves the use of computational processes to organizational decision making. It starts off with the recognition and definition of the problem in the real world. The ultimate goal then is to find what is needed is to be able to bridge what the present situation lacks to what the intended result is. It is a beginning of the search for improvement. Conventional methods use an idealized and linear manner to fuse the problem and a known pattern or puzzle to create a solvable model. To make a good intellectual decision, it is necessary to conduct optimization, forecasting, modeling and simulation, and decision analysis. It involves finding out what the best feasible option is, what it entails for the future and what its result would be for varying situations. Models are used wherein the object is to be able to match a puzzle to represent the problem in the real world. Traditional models such as linear and dynamic programming, queuing, discrete-event simulation and causal models are used and from all of these, ultimately the best decision is made. This discipline has become integrated to the basic field of management and has become a standard for various functions of business. (Whalen, 2001) In the context of marketing, traditional methods of simplification and reduction to formulae are used. Highly structured devices, pre-determined market and brand standards are employed to achieve desirable goals. Marketers are the one controlling and driving these goals and therefore consumers respond to this. (McKernon) Robbins, in the article of Summers et al. , further reinforces these patterns of cause and effect by relating organizational behavior through scientific methods. The real world is â€Å"mirrored† by organizational behavior through methods of investigating behavior†. (Summers, 1997) Robbins argues that most of the generalizations of man are made on the basis of intuition, not proven facts and thus investigation is needed. Intuition is likened to common sense and that, most of the times, it is inaccurate. Robbins further explains that common sense is different for different groups of people and that investigation tackles diversity. By investigating, managers can better and more precisely handle and predict the behavior of their personnel. This investigation must be coupled with good research especially on the comparison and weighing trade-offs. The use of case studies, surveys, and experiments must be implemented. Robbins further reiterates that generalizations and conclusions must be based on systematic study, scientific evidence supported by verified data. Organizational behavior knowledge is attained by avoiding intuitive approach and focusing more on knowledge based on meta-quantification analysis and surveys. (Summers, 1997) The leader or manager eventually uses these techniques to properly guide the organization and his/her employees. Optimal leadership ultimately depends on internal and external factors. In the organizational behavior perspective, leaders use contingencies such as national culture, gender and race to improve and strengthen the relationship with subordinates. This contingency theory theoretically provides the manager with the capability to independently make decisions and to do amendments necessary to obtain the desired result. Summers et al. , argue that this is a one-sided view. The conventional organizational behavior methods only show how managers can exercise their influence on the workers but not the other way around. Traditional ways involve exploitation and discipline and encourages an ideology of domination. â€Å"Managers are taught skills in getting workers to accept the status quo, to get ahead and to get along with others but not to question the game plan†. (Summers, 1997) As evident in the deconstruction of Robbins article, Summers et al. propose a de-emphasis on this rigid structure of conventional management. Whalen et al advocate this postmodern view and puts focus on discourses and de-emphasized precise and fixed meanings. With this premise, the dynamic quality in knowledge is established. Soft computing is rallied to be a faster, more creative approach to solutions although admittedly, it welcomes inaccuracy and ambiguity. In the perspective of knowledge management, however, this postmodern approach provides ways for problem management that cannot be quantified through mathematical computations. Whalen et al. further discuss three types of knowledge approach, creation by means of evolutionary and neurocomputing, deployment through decision support systems, and discovery by data mining, applied virtual reality and data visualization. In neural methods, the model build on gathered data and experimentation and proceeds by the random systematic search. The model is based on a fixed database and relies on the matching that of an existent criterion. With experimentation, on the other hand, the aim is to look for an action from a set of choices and parameters that would result to the desired outcome. Decision support systems may also use the case-based approach. Knowledge is derived from various case studies and banks on experiential logic to create the optimal response to a problem. Moreover, data mining utilizes different techniques to look for patterns that associate and correlate various fields of databases. Data visualization and virtual reality applications likewise bring the important contribution of human perception that is irreplaceable by artificial computer simulations. Whalen et al. stress the importance of humanizing the decision process and that the organization’s stakeholders are best catered to when managers are able to produce the right choices that assert the organization’s goals and mission. As the world is getting more complex and dynamic, a postmodern stance must be advocated and that this will â€Å"greatly advance our ability to understand how humans make perception based rational decisions in an environment of imprecision, uncertainty and partial truth† (Whalen, 2001) The postmodernism approach also applies to consumer marketing. The media and marketing are important to aid the people in knowing and explaining the things around them and the events that are occurring. While the consumers are getting smarter, a need for a more suited method arises. In postmodern marketing, the styles of consuming and strategies of the consumer are given more emphasis and focus. In an environment that is mobile and complex, sustainable dynamic techniques must be employed. This approach challenges diversity and creates avenues for discourse among differing people. This is beneficial to managers, employees, consumers, and stakeholders alike. With the right facilitation of information, a brand can reach more of its market and thus generate more favorable returns. Postmodernist approach also banks on the use of critique and story-telling for consumers. Effective stories would be able to connect to the consumer and that its result relies on its ability to provide the consumers with meaning and explanations. Critique, on the other hand, is essential for a brand in that it generates feedback; whether it was a success or not depends on the informed reactions of the users. Reinvention and smooth changing of styles are important techniques in a rapidly changing world. A careful way of guiding the consumers from the familiar and traditional to the contemporary and new must be done with good aptitude. McKernon) It is a fact that the world has increasingly become more complex and ever-changing. At the very least, the knowledge that we have to gain and understand about life in general is much more vast and challenging and that traditional methods and techniques for problem solving, whether in organizational behavior or marketing might actually be lacking in such that they may not be able to solve and explain the entirety of the world’ s troubles and unquantifiable conceptions. It is therefore imperative that a healthy mix of traditional and postmodernist approach to business and management be utilized to be able to grasp more of what the world is telling us. Leaders, employees, customers and stakeholders alike must be able to make informed decisions and take into consideration the various models, theories and practices both old and new for them to make real and objective sense of the world and its organization.

Sordaria Fimicola: Meiotic Divisions Experiment

Sordaria Fimicola: Meiotic Divisions Experiment Abstract The purpose of this investigation is to determine the frequency of meiotic divisions analyzed from hybrid crossings collected from different strains of the fungus Sordaria fimicola. The experiment was conducted to demonstrate hybrid crossings with MI and MII patterns of ascospores within the asci. Over the course of seven days, the sample of Sordaria was incubated and fused under laboratory conditions. In the outer areas of the blocks of agar, hyphae growth from the mutant tan strain (t-g+) and wild-type black strain (t+g+) was visible through the X-shaped and outer rims of the Petri dish. By identifying the amounts of non-hybrid and hybrid MI and MII asci, the observation of ascospores within the asci displayed the one possible pattern of MI, and the four possible patterns of MII. The first part of the laboratory experiment formed a hypothesis predicting that 8 ascospores would result from two stages of Meiosis and one stage of Mitosis. After calculating the frequency of crossing over, the map distance of the gene to the centromere in the tan colored gene observed was 32 map units, significantly different from the projected null hypothesis and expected 26 map units. Introduction Many research investigations utilize the common fungus Sordaria fimicola as a primary and reliable model organism for displaying genetics due to its firm structure and life cycle. Mapping the distance between the tan gene (t-g+) and the centromere requires careful preparation of a fused sample of Sordaria already containing hybrid and non hybrid arrangements in the ascus. By measuring the amounts of hybrid MI (non-crossover) asci and MII (crossover) asci, and calculating the frequency of crossover, the percentage of Asci may also be calculated from the rate of crossovers throughout the experiment. With an understanding of frequency of crossover, biological ideologies such as adaptation, mutation, and recombination are expressed fully within the experiment. The null hypothesis states that there will not be a considerable difference between the expected 26 map units and the observed map distance from the collected class data (Helms, Kosinski, Cummings, 350). Collective effort from each bench to calculate the correct amount of asci assigned will certainly affect the frequency of calculation and rejection or acceptance of the null hypothesis. Biological evolution closely relates to the process of Sordaria crossovers. Mendels Law of Independent Assortment is directly validated through the life cycle of the fungus. As a member of Ascomycota, Sordaria fimicola practices strict sexual reproduction, and provides the easiest visualization of meiosis I, II, and mitotic division found in the ascus (Volk). Some characteristics that display the easiness of observation lie in the Sordaria fimicola structure. Lengthened nature of the ascus prevents the overlapping of ascospores. Therefore, carefully ruptured perithecia are rightly lined up according to the production of meiosis of tan and black spores: making it relatively easier to perform with more efficiency in counting MI and MII patterns. With its phenotype almost equivalent to its genotype, due to the absence of another dominant allele, the accurate physical traits are examined directly from the genetic makeup of Sordaria (Helms, Kosinski, Cummings, 334). During hybrid crossovers in Prophase I, a tetrad forms four haploid nuclei, each of which then form two haploid nuclei, leading to a total of eight ascospores in a single ascus. Generally, Sordaria is a common fungus for genetics research because of various reasons centered on the easiness in the demonstration of Meiosis, observation of structure, and/or behavior of its life cycle. Growth of the Sordaria fungus is a significant factor and dependent variable carried out throughout the study. The Ascomycota fungus only grows under the conditions of decomposing vegetation, making it available for nutrients to be absorbed and increase hyphae growth and extension (Meiosis and Recombination in Sordaria Fimicola). The results of this study could contribute to a broader knowledge of mutation, biodiversity, and segregation. Further applications towards investigating meiotic and mitotic crossovers and map distances may soon propose new interpretations of Mendels laws. Materials and Methods During week one of the experiment, wild -type black (+) and mutant tan (t) cultures of Sordaria fimicola were obtained and while using aseptic technique, placed in a sterile Petri dish divided into four subsections labeled for the two gene colors. After a metal spatula was disinfected into 95% ethanol, it was heated using a Bunsen burner and cooled for 10 to 15 seconds. While carefully lifting the lid of the Petri dish slightly to prevent contamination, a block of agar was removed and transferred faced down for mycelium linkage and crossing agar. After re-flaming the spatula and repeating proper aseptic technique, the process was repeated with wild type (+) black strain and two mutant (t) tan strains positioned on the marks of the Petri dish indicating the labeled plus(+) sign. After all necessary blocks of agar have been placed in the proper sections of the Petri dish, the plates were incubated in 22 to 24 °C temperature in the dark for 7 days. During week two, a plate of Sordaria fimicola containing the fusion of black and tan strains were obtained for the analysis of hybrids and non hybrids within the 8 produced ascospores. Using a toothpick, the surface of the plate along the X-shaped area was scraped gently to collect a sample of perithecia. A slide of perithecia was prepared by dropping water on a slide the collected perithecia, and then secured with a coverslip. Before placing the slide under a 10x Objective microscope, the slide was first gently pressured with a pencil eraser or equivalent pressure pointer rupturing the perithecia without destroying the structure of the ascus. Using the microscope, slides were examined to locate hybrid and non hybrid asci. Class data on numbers of MI, MII, Total Asci, percentage of crossover, and frequency were calculated. A Chi -Square Test was performed since necessary. (Helms, Kosinski, Cummings 336 -350). Discussion Based on the individual bench results, the number of total MI and MII asci counted depended on the number of asci assigned per person. For example, since there were only two bench members in Bench B and each bench member in the class were assigned to find and count 5 hybrid crossovers each, consequently, there was a total of 10 MI and MII asci for Bench B, shown on the table. According to the Biology Lab manual, 26 map units was the published map distance of the tan spore gene from the centromere (Helms 350). The level of frequency is closely related to how loosely or tightly linked genes are on the chromosome. For this experiment, the deviations between the frequencies of the benches individually does not seem drastic, although the results from Bench F shows a slight over calculation of total asci counted, therefore resulting with the highest frequency level of 34.6, way over the expected 26 map units. Analyzing the class data as a whole, with 276 total MI and MII Asci counted, the percent (%) of Asci showing crossover was 64%, giving a frequency of 32 map units. In order to justify if there is a significant difference between the 32 map units observed and the 26 map units expected, we perform a Chi -Square calculation. With à Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ² equaling 16.291, my conclusion is that the class data demonstrates a much higher frequency than expected. The degree of freedom (dÆ’) for the experiment was 1, from n-1, with 2 attributes MI and MII. Since the probability value (p) was greater than (>)0.05, we rejected the null hypothesis and accepted the alternative hypothesis asserting that our observed frequency of 32 map units is significantly different from the expected 26 map units provided by published results. Possible Sources of error can be closely examined from the bench data results. Besides an over calculation of MI and MII asci, mentioned earlier that produced inconsistent figures, another source of miscalculation may have come from counting/including hybrid crossovers that had a 3-1-2 or 2-3-1 abnormal arrangement. Many times students were obligated to restructure a new slide of perithecia because their slide either did not have enough hybrids, or they ruptured the vulnerable perithecia incorrectly, proving very time consuming. Overall, the conducted lab was precise in calculating the frequency. Sordaria fimicola investigations have multiple purposes and applications. If conducted correctly, the fungus demonstrates an accurate arrangement of spores resulting from the meiotic and mitotic divisions. In a very similar laboratory experiment, Meiosis and Recombination in Sordaria Fimicola, the same approaches of the two labs shared common procedures including: crossing a wild type and mutant type gene, growing the hyphae in rotting vegetation, and calculating the genetic map distances. Calculating the number of map units will be consistent throughout most Sordaria fimicola studies because the frequency of crossing over is always divided by 2(because frequency of recombination is exactly .5 of frequency crossed over) proved in most investigations. The easiness of growing agar on Petri dishes and crossing a wild type and mutant gene increases recombination of genetic material, leading to increases in the range of genotypes, paving a way towards future increases in biological develo pment. References Helms, Doris R., Carl W. Helms, Robert J. Kosinski, and John R. Cummings. Biology in the Laboratory Third Edition :Biol 1161 Biol 1162 : Intoduction to Biological Sciences Laboratory University of Houston. Third. New York : W.H. Freeman and Company, 1998. 334-352. Print. Meiosis and Recombination in Sordaria Fimicola. n. pag. Web. 8 Mar 2010. . Volk, Tom. Sordaria Fimicola, a fungus used in genetics. n. pag. Web. 6 Mar 2010. .

Justice in movie Crash Essay -- Philosophy Analysis Crash Film Movie

Justice in movie Crash In the movie Crash, directed by Paul Haggis, John Stuart Mill's theories on Social Justice and Utility are depicted within the context of the 20th century. Haggis' representation of a multicultural society is one built on racism and inequality, which limits the social justice people can acquire. In this film prejudice and stereotyping are prevalent when discussing legal rights and moral rights. The social situation has profound impacts on the choices people make. This society's foundation is based on injustice, although in the end, justice is served through the concept of `justice of desert'. Social Justice prevails in society where legal laws are practiced and respected. It is considered unjust to: "deprive anyone of his [or her] personal liberty, his [or her] property, or any other thing which belongs to him [or her] by law" (Social Justice and Utility, pg. 168). In this movie there is an inconsistent application of legal laws, which is especially applicable to those individuals considered `foreign' or `immigrant'. The storeowner (no character name; played by Howard Fong) who immigrated to America has had experiences of racism, which made him distrust others; this shows through his interactions with people. The storeowner's legal laws were violated when he wanted to purchase a gun for his family store, in order to have protection against future robbers. Yet, he was prohibited from doing so, based his race and heavy accent. The owner of the gun store made degrading comments about his citizenship and his ability to speak English, and questioned his legal right to buy a gun. The storeowner obviously had been subjected to this type of hostility before, began quarrelling with the man in a d... ...just world. Now he could be charged with attempted murder and he has to deal with the fact that he almost shot a little girl. The charges would be laid by Daniel strengthening Mills theory, "evil from those to whom he has does or has done evil" (Social Justice and Utility, pg169). Justice has been achieved through justice of desert. This demonstrates to us that no matter how much your legal or moral laws are violated, what matters is how you as an individual react to the situation, justly or unjustly. This movie is centered around the notion that if you are a person of ethnic background, that alone is reason for others to forsake your rights, although in the long run justice will prevail Bibliography John Stuart Mill, "Social Justice and Utility" as cited in Solomon and Murphy, What is Justice?, pages 166- 169. Crash (2005) directed by Paul Haggis

Hinduism and Buddhism Essay -- Religion Religious Essays Papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Throughout the world, different nations have different beliefs or religion. Some religions evolve from others, and others are combination of other religions. Religion is a way of life, a lifestyle; it should dictate how you live your life. For instance, in India, Buddhism evolved from Hinduism, a religion were people believe in 300, 000 gods. Even though, Hinduism and Buddhism have different similarities such as believes in god, soul, and rituals, which in some ways connected to each other, both religions believe of what happens after life. Although Buddhism evolved from Hinduism it differs from Hinduism in god beliefs. According to Buddhists there is no God, but they reverence the Buddha and his teachings as though he were one. Buddha, believe in no Atman’s, nor is there a Brahman or supreme being because all is not permanent. They believe that to have faith in a higher power is nothing more than illusion. The Buddhist â€Å"athirst† in fact think that life is not a reality. In Buddhism, a person strives to reach the Nirvana through mediation. The Nirvana is the â€Å"blowing out† of the fame of desire by ending the vicious cycle of reincarnation. By not going with their instincts and ending all desire for the illusion of this world, one is able to reach enlightenment and finally rest from his suffering. The Buddhists worship the Buddha and follow the four noble truths in order to reach salvation. The four noble truths are: life is suffering, all suffering is caused by ignorance of the nature of re ality and the craving, attachment and grasping that result from such ignorance, suffering can be ended by overcoming ignorance, and the path to the suppression of suffering is the Eightfold Noble Path. The Eightfold Noble Path is divided into three categories: morality, wisdom, and concentration.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In contrast, Hindus say, â€Å"†¦that thou art.† This statement means that Brahman is the same as one true self, or his Atman. Not only do the Hindus worship Brahman, they also worship several other gods as well. The other gods are in the reincarnation series, or the samsara, they are not ultimate but they help to bring liberation throughout the grueling cycle. All Hindus believe in three most popular gods, which they are: Shiva, Vishnu, and Brahma. Shiva is the deity of the renounces, especially of the many shiava sects that imitate him. These are Kapalicas, Pashupatas,... ...that has been made in a single day or night.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hindus believe in souls and Buddhists do not. In Hindus religion it is believed that an individual should abolish all once and desires in addition to refraining from any temptations of sin in order to discipline himself or herself. Once all of these things are done, the perfect joy and harmony with the infinite spirit is reached. The infinite spirit refers to Hinduism belief that the soul never dies. Hindus believe that each time a body dies the soul is reborn into a new body. On the contrary, Buddhism believe in the Anatman or no soul. Buddhism sees human existence as made up of five bundles or Skandhas. These are material body of feelings, perceptions, predispositions or Karmic tendencies, and consciousness. Buddhists deny the permanent soul. Buddhists believe that as long as they follow the four noble truths they would be freed from the life sufferings.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Eventually, today both religions are still greatly worshiped and have millions of followers. Buddhism and Hinduism are connected in many ways and still continue to flourish after many, many centuries. Both religions have a similar goal, and path to achieve that goal.

Pizza USA Term Paper Essay

Abstract This case involves Pizza USA, a small independent chain restaurant operation that offers both dine-in and carry-out services for customers that has received feedback for a potential change that will require the implementation of design process to add services. Currently, customers have indicated that they are pleased with the food offered by the restaurant but they would increase pizza purchases if a delivery service was available. This dilemma ties into two separate issues. First, in order to remain competitive within the industry, customer wants and preferences need to be heard. After all, if you cannot please your customer base, you will lose them. Secondly, the changes required must be done in a manner that combines data gathering and analysis and implementation of a plan that best suites this particular type of business in order to maximize success. Customer service has been a recurring theme in many discussions regarding business operations and management in recent weeks. The prevailing thought is that in order for your business to grow and be successful, you must identify what your customers want and find a way to deliver it. This paper will analyze and discuss how process design can be implemented to assist this business to achieve its goals. Within the process design analysis and discussion, several factors will be reviewed to include: identification of what customer satisfaction means to the business and how we can identify the things that are most valuable to customers, the potential net yield of achieving a high level of customer satisfaction and efficiency, and the characteristic of developing an efficient pizza delivery (from stove to door) system. The paper will also assess creation of market â€Å"advantages† to not only maintain but grow the customer base. Pizza USA: An Exercise in Translating Customer Requirements into Process Design In the last five years leading up to 2012, the Pizza Restaurants industry has experienced the results of a downturn in economy. Restaurants have been directly affected by changing market conditions such as changes in intense competition, decreasing consumer spending and an increase in overall health consciousness (Kalnins, A., & Mayer, K. , 2004). However, despite such overwhelming odds and challenges, businesses were able to overcome economic hard times by reinventing themselves through creative marketing and adjusting their menu’s to adapt to customers preferences (Kelso, 2012). This allowed the industry to recover effectively and consumer spending and market growth returned in 2010. As more consumers returned to the restaurants, overall demand increased. The U. S. Pizza industry averages about 410 million pizzas per year (Kelso, 2012). In 2012 alone, pizza sales are expected to reach an incredible $36. 1 billion in revenue which is a 3. 8 percent increase from the previous year (Kelso, 2012). This growth is expected to continue at a rate of 2. 9 percent per year through 2017. Based on gathered data, 97 percent of U. S. consumers have ordered food from a pizza restaurant or establishment within the past 12 months (Kelso, 2012). No matter how you look at it, pizza consumption is on the rise and creates an exceptional opportunity for success in this industry. According to Gregory Badishkanian, a CITI Analyst, the big three of the pizza industry: Pizza Hut, Domino’s, and Papa Johns are currently in position to increase market share. (Bloomberg, 2012). Although the big three comprise of 30% of the total pizza market, the remaining 70% comprise largely of other large chains with less market coverage and of course the smaller independent chains (Kelso, 2012). While the larger chains are improving profits independent chains are struggling to stay afloat amidst the fierce competition among the larger more established companies such as the big three (Kelso, 2012). Understanding this dilemma, it would be most prudent for any independent restaurant operator to maximize operations by insuring that internal process design enables not only efficient productivity but generates a process that is customer friendly and focused on customer’s needs and preferences (Kalnins, A. , & Mayer, K. , 2004). This would be critical in the business’ ability to survive in such a monopolistic type market. Successful operation within a smaller independent chain restaurant faces challenges that may not be as apparent to a larger and more established national chains. Pizza USA is a small chain operation that currently provides two services: dine-in and carry-out options. Customers have commented that if delivery services were added to the restaurant offerings, they would potentially buy more pizzas (Jacobs & Chase, 2011). Based on this information, it is apparent that the owner needs to assess his business operations and consider a process design that would include adding this service to current operations. The addition of delivery services would potentially require additional capital to finance changes and may involve the hiring of additional staff. However, revenue increases as a result of the added service would off-set the costs associated with these additions. Near and long-term implications would include survivability within such a competitive market. As a customer, the primary focus of my satisfaction with this type of business relates primarily to efficiency and the level of customer service provided. If delivery service was provided, the two areas that would be most prevalent in my mind would be the delivery time and the state of the pizza once received. Far too often, I’ve received delivered food that was warm and in some cases cold. Needless to say, I never contacted that restaurant again. The thing that would create a unique experience would be the restaurant’s ability to not only deliver within an exceptional time period but also to provide a pizza that is piping hot as it would be while dining in. Another aspect would be an incentive to order delivery by way of discounting or some type of rewards service. These are experiences that have not been typical in my experience with pizza deliveries. Method. The perceived situational analysis are as follows: Strengths-Due to the smaller nature of the business, It could potentially create a more personal experience for the customers thus increasing customer satisfaction; Weaknesses-As a smaller business entity, they have less resources and limited options in implementing changes to meet customer demands. Also, the business would be less tolerant of negative impacts that may result from changes compared to larger established chains with additional resources available; Opportunities-A stronger customer relationship tends to allow more flexibility due to stronger loyalty among satisfied customers. Loyal customers are willing to wait changes out rather than making an initial determination and moving on to another business; Threats-The primary threats are of course the larger and more established chains such as the big three. Again, due to resourcing issues, these smaller and independent operations have less flexibility and opportunity if changes become less than desirable. The primary causes and effects are business survivability and customer satisfaction. Although these two areas are mentioned separately, they are in fact one. If changes are not made to meet customer needs and preferences, the business risks losing clientele and eventual closure. The term customer loyalty has been described as a process of capturing how well an organization is performing in three critical market measures: customer retention, share of wallet, and price sensitivity relative to competitors (Jacobs & Chase, 2011). Studies have shown that customer loyalty relates directly to business success and survivability. There exists a major distinction between product design from the user’s standpoint from what may have been intended by the manufacturer (Jacobs & Chase, 2011). The main difference deals primarily with the intended versus perceived usefulness of a given product. In short, if the customer’s input is not considered, product or process design could potentially be a major waste of time on the from end of the planning cycle with even a worse outcome once in the market. Table-1 below indicates quick-serve satisfaction rates among the top companies in the market to include the big three (Verma, R. , & Thompson, G. , 1999). As you can see, each of the larger chains has high overall scores in customer satisfaction. Albeit, this is only one of many areas that could potentially be assessed. The independent chains can learn something from this data. The large chains didn’t survive the market and become who they are today without success in this particular area (Verma, R. , & Thompson, G. , 1999). Table-1 Although the case situation described is consistent with most other business operations, â€Å"what can be done to be more profitable? † it is unique in itself due the detail andlevel of changes discussed. There are probably 100 areas that could be looked at that deals with efficiency and customer satisfaction. However, for the purpose of this paper we will only analyze the above mentioned areas. If assessing profitability and customer satisfaction is an everyday occurrence, which is the case in most businesses, then this case could most certainly be considered as a preexisting situation. However, this paper has little to do with assessing a documented loss in profits or revenue streams so the evolution is unknown at best. There are many course concepts that can be applied to understand this situation. However the two most prevalent areas of operations philosophy that comes to mind are: Chapter 3-Product and Service Design and Chapter 5-Process Analysis. Quality Function Deployment (QFD) in chapter 3 discusses the process of getting the customer’s â€Å"voice† involved in design specifications (Jacobs & Chase, 2011). This concept and application relates to any and all industries and organizations. It is directly related a process of studying and listening to customers to improve upon a product or service (Jacobs & Chase, 2011). Measuring Process Performance in Chapter 5 primarily deals with how well a particular process is performing. This is accomplished by assessing many different types of metrics such as: productivity, efficiency, flow time, throughput, and value added time to name a few (Jacobs & Chase, 2011). In order to adequately analyze whether your operation is running efficiently, a system of measurement is required to assess the performance. Results/Discussion The problem of addressing the customers’ needs and preferences are easily solved. Immediately implement planning to accommodate your customers’ request for the added feature of delivery service. Consider the most efficient manner of transition to minimize disruption to current business operations while planning the change. Insure that additional feedback is solicited and gathered from customers to re-validate the need to add the additional service and proceed with design process reviews and analysis to achieve goals. This satisfies the earlier discussion regarding identification of what the customer really wants and prefers. The task of developing and implementing the plan is what is the most difficult. Recommend that the owner begins with data gathering methods such as GAP Analysis. This method is used to assess the business’ performance relative to the expectations of its customers (Jacobs & Chase, 2011). An additional form of Gap Analysis includes the benchmarking of certain industry standards and measures the business ‘performance against established standards within the industry (Jacobs & Chase, 2011). Questions to be asked would be: What are other smaller independent chains offering? Is delivery service a value added service or just a waste of money? What are the industry standards in regards to delivery times and what is considered acceptable to customers? Do have the resources to provide that type of service or will it require additional equipment, supplies, vehicles and staff? This will allow the owner to see where his restaurant is versus where he wants to be. Moreover, this would be an ideal tool to gather additional information from Customers to obtain additional feedback. It can be accomplished in many ways such as through paper or email mailers and in store surveys. The method selected would primarily depend on the owner’s available resources and preferences and of course size of targeted population. The follow-on recommendation is to conduct a cost impact and payoff analysis using a decision tree or what some would call a consequence diagram. This process allows the planner to map out several alternatives with different end results to assess risk (Jacobs & Chase, 2011). In essence it is a risk matrix. When planning or considering restaurant equipment purchases or even additional staff hires, this process could be beneficial in assessing the risks involved with each decision (Jacobs & Chase, 2011). Table-2 is a representation of a typical decision tree used to make informed decisions. As you can see, it is a process of identifying the problem (or situation) and working through several COA’s to determine what works best for you. Table-2 Implementation is the next step. I would recommend the utilization of responsibility charts to organize and manage tasks. Again, this particular tool is a type of matrix that lists all the projects and tasks to be completed while identifying certain responsible parties or stakeholders (Jacobs & Chase, 2011). In such a small business environment, it would probably be most beneficial for the owner to get all staff involved with the design process to obtain full buy-in.this can be accomplished through the use of this tool. Of all the steps involved with planning and execution, this is probably the most labor intensive due to the potential resourcing required. After plans are implemented, the owner needs to assess the customer reactions to the added service. Anticipating a given response and getting the actual response are sometimes two different things. Again, the same process used during the Gap Analysis can be used to capture post-implementation feedback from customers (Jacobs & Chase, 2011). The bottom line is that as a small business, you more reliant on customer loyalty than larger chains and operations. As a result, you must pay attention to any feedback received regarding your products and services, In this case we’re talking about pizzas but it applies in many other situations and industries as well. Once the feedback id obtained develop a smart and affordable plan and implement the plan. Once you have transitioned fully into your new plan, solicit additional feedback from customers to see how things are going. You may find other areas of your business operations that require attention. Customer feedback has to be a part of your daily operations. Without it, your business is at serious risk. References Kalnins, A. , & Mayer, K. , (Dec 2004), Franchising, ownership, and experience: A study of pizza restaurant survival. Management Science Journal, Vol. 50 Issue 12, p1716-1728, 13p, 3 Charts. doi: 10. 1287/mnsc. 1040. 0220 Kohli, A. , & Gupta, M. , (Apr 2010), Improving operations strategy: Application of TOC principles in a small business. Journal of Business & Economics Research, Vol. 8 Issue 4, p37-45, 9p Verma, R. , & Thompson, G. , (1999), Managing service operations based on customer preferences. International Journal of Operations and Production Management. Vol. 19 Issue 9/10, p891-908, 18p, 6 Charts Jacobs, F. R. , & Chase, R. B. (2011), Operations and supply chain management. (13th ed. ), New York, NY: McGraw-Hill/Irwin Kelso, A. , (Sep 2012), Survey: U. S. pizza market tops $40 billion, pizzamarketplace. com, Retrieved: 1 Mar 2013 http://www. pizzamarketplace. com/article/200667/Survey-U-S-pizza-market-tops-40-billion AP News, (Sep 2012), Analyst: Big pizza chains could take bigger slice, Bloomberg Business Week News, Retrieved: 1 Mar 2013 http://www. businessweek. com/ap/2012-09-18/analyst-big-pizza-chains-could-take-bigger-slice.

Civil War: Myths vs Facts

There has always been a number of circulating myths about the American Civil War. We need to dig deep and find out if these myths are true. Did the South HATE black people? Did Robert E. Lee hate America? Was the civil war all about slavery? Did the South start the civil war? All of these myths are to be revealed. Supposedly the Southern people were the only Americans that enslaved black people. They tortured, beat, and starved them. According to research, a slave in today’s modern world, would cost anywhere from $100,000-$200,000. Why would a slave owner waste that much money and something they would treat as a rag doll? In many cases slaves were treated as part of the family. The North also had slaves, not just the South. In the North, everything was supposedly free and had choices. The North technically did not own slaves, but they were people in the North that owed them things. These people were called indentured servants. These indentured servants were not all of African race either. They were to be released over a stated time. This myth came to be because basically whichever side won the war; they would blame the opposing side. Was Robert E. Lee a horrible man? Did he hate American with a passion? The answer to this is false. Robert E. Lee did not ever even own a single slave. He was very strong in his passion with the Confederate States of America. He lived in the state of Virginia and said he would never leave them in any hard times. In saying this, he joined the South in the American Civil War. He loved America, but did not like the injustice the South was being shown. His home of Arlington was turned into a war cemetery. Present day, it is known as Arlington National Cemetery. This was initially a cemetery for Union Soldiers. How could the entire war be about slavery? The war lasted 5 years, 1861-1865. The Emancipation Proclamation was put into effect in 1863. What could the war have been about for the last two years? The Civil War was fought because of Northern oppression. The South began to go bankrupt because the North was taxing the South very heavily, and the South was not as industrialized as the North. Slavery was an issue, but because the South was not industrialized. The South was just using what they had for resources. The slaves were their resources. There has been a myth that says that the South started the war. This is actually somewhat true, but not totally true. The South decided that it did not want be part of the United States of American anymore. It simply seceded. The North still had some forts located in the South though. Fort Sumter most notably was attacked by Southern soldiers because the South felt threatened by what could have been dangerous people from the North. The South was forced into battle because the North had sent a transport ship of supplies. The South defended itself because it had to protect itself from the transport ships and the Northern soldiers at Fort Sumter. The truth about all of these myths is revealed not by proof of Northern history, or Southern history, but of American History. Just because the North won, does not mean everything that they write and publish is true. There are many newspapers, letters, and diaries depicting significant events that reveal the truths of many other myths as well. The truth of these myths comes from the history that actually happened.

Overcoming Obstacles Essay

After reading the article by Ms. Ann Harrington, â€Å"Where there is a will, there’s a way†, it opened my eyes and my way of thinking to a hold different level. I always wondered how people who have experienced some of the same levels of disappointment, setbacks, successes, and failures walk away with very different attitudes, circumstances and results (Werner, 2004). It has always been my belief that in order to overcome any obstacle in life, whether it’s professional or personal that it does come from within and it is a mind thing (Davies, 2009). Each individual really does control whether they succeed or fail; this is a very hard pill to swallow, because I haven’t quite grab the ability to do it yet, but I do know this is true. Just like the limits that we set on ourselves is the reason why some of us do fail. We tend to make mistakes and instead of owning up to them we want to blame others. The key here is just like mentioned in the article to be tota lly honest with ourselves. To be able to look at our situation and face the fact this was our own fault and do what we have to, to correct the situation. In the article the first thing Ms. Harrington talked about was resilience in the workplace (Absence Management: Annual Survey Report, 2011). It was right on point, when I thought back on days when I worked outside the home, there was not much compassion from my employer whether his employees felt good physically, mentally, or spiritually (Davies, 2009). They were not concerned with anything about the employees except whether you came to work on time, you performed the duties of your job, you treated their customers fairly, and they were able to keep their stockholders happy. The bottom line was the bottom line and that was all they were concerned about. I do agree, that it’s very important for a person to have a good mental health not just about the It’s also important for someone to be able not only to encourage others but themselves as well, and for them to be able to be totally honest about their own personal strengths and weaknesses. To be able to look at a bad or mundane situation and make it better. Not just looking at what others can do to make it better, but what can they do, and what we need to do, to turn the situation around. I find that too many higher ups look for the people who work under them to put their thoughts in action when things get rough, but what they don’t understand, when times are rough that when they throw  themselves in the work force and roll up their sleeves to help their employees get things back on track. When they get involved like that it tends to change the way the workers feel not only about their but about management too. It gives the employees the secure feeling that they can admit that they have flaws, they will make and have made mistakes, that they are not perfect, but that they will learn from them and that life does go on. Also, not everyone will not like them, agree with their ideas, or feel about them the way they feel about themselves, but once again they must be able to recognize that life goes on and they will survive. My favorite quote has always been â€Å"What doesn’t kill me, will make me stronger (Nietzsche, 1888). Everyone doesn’t understand that, but you must be able to look at all of life’s situations and look for the good in them; not being able to do this is a major reason for people getting depressed and committing suicide,they begin to feel overwhelmed and don’t see a way out. This is why I feel the United States Armed forces ha ve failed so many of its employees/soldiers. You cannot treat all of these individuals the same, they come from different backgrounds, family values, cultures, and set of morals and principals. These are individuals that may have had struggles of trying to be their own person, not being shown love, just trying to find that place where they fit in, or just trying to find their way. When you try to use the army’s method where no one is different everyone is the same, they may do some good for a while in that position; but what happens to a soldier when he comes home, gets hurt and can no longer do the job that you so strategically trained him/her for. Too me, this is sort of a brainwashing system, everything that these people were taught and believed in has been washed away to believe what you want them too. When it’s time for them to return to their lives before you entered into it, they wonder why the world has changed; and it’s hard for them to believe that it’s not just the world, but them as well. In order for a person to survive and end up on their feet, no matter what you need to be flexible(tugade et, al, 2004), and adaptable, just like the article says. Life changes and so do we, more than we would like to admit. I have had to failed marriages, one was a drunker and abusive, and the next one thought he was the smartest person on earth and a womanizer. When I realized that it was me who was going through all this pain, and I was not doing my children any good by putting them through  all of that, I ended it. It hurt me to leave the first time, I was young and had never been on my own before; but what you call resilience I call just being plain stubborn. You have to have some sort of confidence in yourself, be able to trust yourself to make good sound decisions, have one or two people in your corner that will help you make rational decisions, love of yourself and above all your trust, love and belief in GOD. REFERENCES Harrington, Anna Occupational Health; Mar 2012 64, 3; AB1/Inform Complete Top of Form Bottom of Form

Business accounting Essay

M1: Analyse the cash flow problems a business might experience. For this task I will be writing to Alan Hall with an analysis of the problems in his cash flow statement. Dear Mr Hall,   I have made an analysis of your cash flow statement and am writing to you to inform you about all the problems I have identified Trends on the Net Cash Flow balances There are many trends within the cash flow statement such as the constant increase in advertising rates of  £175 up until September where it increases. It was wise to increase it more in Christmas, but this should’ve carried on into January as it is a new year and a time to sell off any stock that may have remained. The other problem I have identified within Alan halls cash flow statement is the Mortgage, which is fixed. This was wise to keep fixed as the business may not be able to afford any changes that may lead in an increase in cash outflow. I have identified a problem in thewages; the wages has increased twice In June. Both were increased in June, once by  £400 in the wages. The additional wages were increased by  £750, which makes a total of  £1050 increase in June which may be due to growth in employees. Most expenses are fixed such as rent, the expenses such as purchases and Advertisements are only rising immensely hence causing the closing balance to be negat ive despite the continuous rise in sales. The purchases are the main expenditure, which is huge area of concern, these needs to be looked into and controlled. The most common purchases are  £27,000 and the most expensive one  £44,000 hence needs to be looked into to find reasons why so changes can be made. There is a lump sum of  £9000 in the month of March, from a vehicle that was purchased. This lump sum causes the March closing balance to be a negative balance of  £ -2,645 causing the cash flow to have a bank overdraft. Negative Closing balances The closing balances were decent and positive until April where the closing balance became - £1,654. The reason for this may be the decrease in sales by  £2520 in March, despite there being an extra inflow from the bank and  savings of  £8000. The reason of there being a negative closing balance must be from the lump sum of  £9000 outflow, which was due to a vehicle purchase. The negative closing balance continues into the month of May despite there being a increase of  £6300 on sales, the negative closing balance remains due to the rise in purchases of  £4500. The negative closing balance becomes constant throughout the whole year and only gets higher despite the sales rising due to the expenses. The highest negative closing balance is in October of - £12730 despite there being high sales in September. The reason for this was again the increase in outflow of  £5760.

American novel Essay

Inspiration is something that some people have difficulty finding, whether to write the great American novel or simply to get out of bed in the morning. Creative inspiration is much more delicate a subject, as when one does not feel the desire to create, the product most often suffers greatly. However, for me, creative inspiration comes from almost everywhere I look, as long as I manage to see beauty before me, and luckily, the world is a beautiful place. Beauty is truly everywhere; it can be in a sunset, a work of art, or in a masterpiece of architecture. There is manmade beauty and natural beauty, and both have unique appeals that inspire to humans in many different ways, including creatively. Along with the millions of writers, painters, and poets that came before me, I find creative inspiration in noticing the beauty of things, no matter how common or rare. I can also find beauty amidst things that are ugly, if anything gaining an increased appreciation for the beautiful moments of peace and lightness. No matter how much I suffer or observe suffering, it is easy for me to remember that life is indeed beautiful, and this often inspires me to continue creating beauty of my own. Human physical beauty is also something that inspires me creatively. It is impossible to deny that certain men and women are not beautiful, for a perfect face and body attracts many people from all around; however like the old adage that beauty is in the eye of the beholder, everyone else may not universally agree upon the external and physical beauty of these people. Some people make think blonds are beautiful, while others prefer brunettes; some people may like blue eyes, while others only find brown beautiful. This shows the subjective nature of beauty, which begs the question as to whether this beauty is significant at all or merely a matter of taste. However, like the beauty of Helen of Troy, legendary and often referenced in all arts, beautiful people inspire me to create. But, while physical beauty can inspire me to create, it is most often the beauty I find within people and myself that most inspires me. I believe the greatest and most inspiration beauty in life comes from within; and this kind of beauty can be achieved by everyone without pills, painful operations, or costly beauty treatments. I have learned not to put too much stock in the media’s representation of beauty, because I feel it robs from the more significant beauty that can be achieved in society when people think of each other and treat each other with equal respect and consideration. I do my best to live by the golden rule, and find situations the most beautiful when others do the same. I feel that many of the popular conceptions of beauty are based on half-truths and blatant deceptions, encouraging people to hide their flaws rather than love themselves. For me, honesty is beautiful and inspirational, and I try always to be honest, and subsequently inspired. Life is beautiful enough without having to worry about perfecting physical attributes, and the truth is that aesthetic beauty is not nearly as lasting or inspirational as emotional, spiritual, and mental beauty. These are the kinds of beauty to which I aspire and have successfully managed to cultivate in my efforts to harness creative inspiration. While beauty may truly be in the eye of the beholder, I feel confident in my own beauty because I treat everything in life as it is: beautiful. From this view, it is easy for me to find creative inspiration in just about everything I see, hear, and feel. I find joy and inspiration in everything, and I try to make everyone share in the beauty that I possess and inspiration I find, hoping that they can also create his or her own. I try to be truthful in all regards, and try never to feel insecure that my beliefs in my own beauty are false. I refuse to adopt the media’s perception of beauty, and prefer to find my own conceptions in what I see is true beauty: generosity, compassion, and joy. All I have to do is sit back for a moment, reflect on the wonders of existence, and I will inevitably be convinced of the beauty of life, and subsequently inspired to create some of my own. For me, this is the truth, and like the words of John Keats, â€Å"Beauty is truth, truth beauty,—that is all/ Ye know on earth, and all ye need to know† (Keats, 1901). For me, beauty is truth, and truth is inspiring. REFERENCES Keats, J. (1901/1999). Ode to a Grecian Urn. The Oxford Book of English Verse. Ed. Quiller- Couch, Arthur Thomas, Sir. Bartleby. com. 31 Jul 2008. .

Railroad Network after the Civil War Assignment

Railroad Network after the Civil War - Assignment Example This essay stresses that the major cause of the Great Migration was the Emancipation Proclamation. It freed the African American society from slavery and allowed for their social rights and freedom as outlined in the U.S constitution. Secondly some of the population moved as a result of pressure from Anti-abolitionist who refused to end the slave trade such as South Carolina, Texas, Louisiana, Alabama, Mississippi, Georgia and Florida. There witnessed increased cases of segregation in these states and widespread violence against the blacks. This paper makes a conclusion that the Korean War was directly responsible for speeding up the militarization of the Cold war. It gave the conflict a massive military dimension and emphasis. Major countries embraced the militarization process with a distinct possibility of a major attack from either side of the two blocks. The U.S entered into a significant rearmament and moved five divisions to Western Europe and urged the rest of the NATO alliance to follow suit. Sara Palin an Alaskan Governor chosen to be nominated for the running mate by the then presidential hopeful John Mc Cain of the Republican Party. During the end of the campaigns, many women changed their perception towards Palin and her ratings dropped significantly. Palin was a fascinating and bold choice for the republicans. However, it is undeniably that she had an unusually minimal success in fulfilling her obligation to assist clinched the presidency for the republican ticket.

Charlemagne as a Christian king Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Charlemagne as a Christian king - Essay Example th the papacy and various ecclesiastical and administrative reforms, he managed to stop the cultural and political collapse of the early, Middle periods and establish a basis for extensive central administration north of the Alps, (Barbero 34). Charlemagne was a prominent military conqueror, and he directed his talent into the church service, for in winning some of the Western Europe and some parts of east, he utilized military forces to coerce all his subjects to turn to Christianity. In addition, he supported various, subtle missionary attempts and motivated the expansion of Benedict monasteries mostly the duplication of theological manuscripts. Charlemagne’s religiosity made him visualize himself as having a spiritual responsibility to establish the kingdom of God on the earth, but he used brutal, intrigue and extreme hostility to the latter. He invested all his crucial campaigns with religious significance. Charlemagne abolished the pagan idols and Saxons’ grooves and offered them a choice of converting to Christianity or dying, (Sypeck 67). Charlemagne offered a better deal of alms to the needy in his country and beyond. Whenever he realized that Christians were languishing in poverty- such as Jerusalem, Africa and Egypt – he had benevolence on the people, and sent resources oversea to assist them. Through this support, he strove to establish friendships with alien kings to be able to provide relief to Christians under their rule. He adored the Saint. Peter’s Church at Rome and bombarded its treasury with extensive riches of Gold, precious stones as well as Silver. He also sent various valuable endowments to the popes and in the whole of his leadership, his most desirable wish was to restore the traditional Roman authority by his influence and under his authority. He also longed to preserve and defend St. Peter’s Church, beautifying and enhancing himself over all other Christian churches. The military conquest, subtlety and efforts to enforce

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Thought Paper on On Huntington Chapter 1 and Chapter 2 From Page 3 to Essay

Thought Paper on On Huntington Chapter 1 and Chapter 2 From Page 3 to page 108 - Essay Example Democracies have become intricate, multi-layered systems that no longer truly function as purely representative entities through which the people wield true power. The constant push-pull between lawmakers and external actors who influence the legislative process has, particularly in the U.S., often blurred the line between the elected and non-elected. The resultant deal-making is undemocratic because it plays out behind the scenes, far from the political arena, and often places non-elected power brokers in a position of control over elected representatives. â€Å"If these democratically elected decision makers become, however, simply a facade for the exercise of much greater power by a non-Democratically chosen group then clearly that political system is not democratic† (Huntington, 10). In the U.S., special interest groups, lobbyists, and privatized government services, many of which are co-opted into government agencies, are at the very heart of the Democratic process and of ten behave in ways that run counter to the notion of purely representative government. Bureaucracy In the U.S., the governmental bureaucracy is a powerfully entrenched, often insidious force. The sheer size, scope and complexity of bureaucracy overwhelms the average American Democracy Behind the Scenes 3 citizen’s ability to comprehend how it functions vis a vis elected officials. This enables individual segments of the bureaucracy to play out their roles and impact the business of Democracy in ways that are not directly responsible to the public. Over the past 50 years, most presidential candidates, particularly Republicans, have made â€Å"big government† a cause celebre, campaigning against a vague yet politically effective concept. But what fails to attract the attention of these candidates, or the people who vote for them, is that the big government to which they refer is not governed in a truly Democratic fashion. The business that takes place in bureaucratic org anizations plays out beyond the scope of elective politics and, as such, does not involve the voters. Nevertheless, the outcomes of these bureaucratic activities generally affect citizens quite directly. Americans exhibit a characteristically contradictory attitude towards bureaucracy in that they expect government to be sensitive and responsive to their needs, yet often decry what is considered undue influence wielded by professional bureaucrats. Such unrealistic expectations reflect a fundamental lack of understanding about the nature of bureaucracy in a democracy, though it does not obscure the fact that the work that goes on within the bureaucracy takes place far from the public gaze and so can be considered inherently undemocratic. Regardless of the party or administration in charge, successful Democracies are inextricably linked to bureaucracy through their need for functional efficiency, which in the modern world relies heavily on a strong bureaucracy. The work that goes into the refinement and enacting of policy goes on behind closed doors. Democracy Behind the Scenes 4 Special interest groups Special interest groups present a unique challenge to Democracy in that they represent a subtle, imperceptible erosion of checks and balances within the political system. Interest groups have long held a presence on the American political scene, but their influence on the body politic reached

Online Retailing Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Online Retailing - Case Study Example The online marketing is inspired by the development and the increased of technology. Brick and mortar business is a description of the business that is entirely based on the internet differentiating from that which operates in the practical environment. Of all the methods and strategies of marketing, there are advantages of each of the models (Anderson 1996). Dell Inc has adopted the online marketing and it is also working on mass customization where there is mass production of individually modified products and services to meet the diverse customer needs. This is a more refined means of customer satisfaction where the prices are also comparable to those of standard products. Online retailing is generally adopted by traditional retailers who have widespread logistical and supply stores (Brown 2001). The most important aspect that enables success in online marketing is the fact that, traditional companies are better placed to establish an online presence than starting up a new marketing strategy from scratch. Online marketing is advantageous in existing companies which are already established and have good reputation hence customer confidence (Anderson1996). In such cases, the company retains contact with the physical enterprise and work out to leverage other tasks. Dell has core competencies against other companies that provide computer products and accessories. By the use of online marketing the company is able to explore these competencies more expansively and intensively (Tampa et al 2000). Since Dell is already an established company, it's able to use the trust it has established with its suppliers and hence leverage the supplier networks already in place. For these reason, there will be easy delivery of products to the clients and assured supply (Brown 2001). All these smooth operations come with advantages; discounts and other favoured handling. Existing distribution channels allows for trouble free delivery of services and products, price discounts to the company. These will have an advantage of cutting down the cost of distribution and therefore these benefits will trickle down to the customers in terms of reduced costs. Dell Inc has a well recognized brand name in the computer industry. For this reason, leveraging the brand equity is of great advantage over other companies that use the dot com marketing strategies, Anderson (1996). Having been in operation for quite sometime, Dell Inc is stable company that can operate online especially for financial services as many people already trusts them. This also implies the company has an already established customer foundation and sales and this brings in the benefits of economies of scale in marketing, making purchases, production (Fingar et al 2000). Established companies operating online will get a chance to leverage a lower cost of capital, as bond issues will be availed to established companies (Tampa et al 2000). The underwriting cost creating a new cop-any from the beginning as in initial public offer is very costly than the online equity offering in marketing. Every company has a set of advantages over others (competitors) and good operation practices (Fingar et al 2000). This gives established firm an advantage in online operations (online

Intercultural Experience Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Intercultural Experience - Personal Statement Example Today she was cooking pulled pork that was slow cooked in oil. Maria served this on freshly cooked corn tortillas with a variety of toppings. It was obvious in the household that the family was from Mexico and had a rich religious tradition. There were religious icons on the end tables as well as a bible in a conspicuous place on the table. There were also pictures on the wall that depicted religious scenes. I asked Maria about there religious background and she told me they were Catholics. The father, Juan, said that the Catholic religion was a dominant religion in Mexico and both he and Maria had become Catholics at birth and had been baptized into the religion as young children in Mexico. There was no doubt that Juan was the head of the household. He sat in the chair that dominated the living area. When the meal was served, Juan sat at the head of the table and was served first. The family seemed to attend to his needs and offered him a great amount of respect. I asked Maria if her children were always as well behaved as they were today, or if they were just on their best behavior for my benefit. She said that they were always well behaved during dinner. Meals were a special occasion and the children and family regarded mealtime as a time to talk and communicate with one another.

Jersey Shore Reality TV Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Jersey Shore Reality TV Analysis - Essay Example This "Jersey Shore Reality TV Analysis" essay outlines the main problems of Jersey Shore reality TV. Reality TV shows have become a controversial issue. Several scholars have raised questions regarding the deceitful realism depicted in several reality TV shows. Most reality TV shows are characterized by stereotypes and unearned celebrity. To some scholar, using the term â€Å"reality TV† to refer to some shows is misleading since the shows are characterized by fabricated reactions accomplished in contrived situations. Bignell, Fiske, Barnet-Weiser, and Portwood-Stacer feel that reality TV programs should focus on how ordinary people behave without too much exaggeration. In their opinion, reality shows should focus more on passing an ideology and not on the individual taking part in the show. Jersey Shore is a reality TV show that has been debated on my several scholars. Though considered a reality show, Jersey Shore demonstrates promiscuity, stereotyping, and abuse of alcohol. The shore pays more attention to the personal behaviors and opinions of the casts and not on ideologies. This has resulted in a lot of criticism from scholars who feel that the show is unrealistic since it dwells too much on negative aspects. One such negative aspect is the depiction of feminism in the twenty-first Century. Nicole, who is one of the main casts being idolized by several American teenagers, considers herself a modern woman. She considers herself a good example of feminist but engages in endless clubbing and gets drunks often. , gets drunks often, and engages in sexual intercourse with any man. Additionally, she feels that clubbing at night with her male colleagues makes her equal with them. This is a distorted portrayal of equality and it depicts denigration of feminism. This kind of feminism is what Barnet-Weiser and Portwood-Stacer (259) refer as â€Å"as testimony for the collapse of identity with representation.† Although the Jersey shore tries to depict girls as strong and independent, the depiction is erroneous. Barnet-Weiser and Portwood-Stacer would have opposed and criticized such a depiction of feminism. This is because the two believe that such portrayal of feminism is â€Å"a symptom and effect of gender oppression.† In the shore, the male casts underrate the female cast. The female thus engage in activities such as clubbing in an attempt to prove the men wrong (Barnet-Weiser and Portwood-Stacer 260). According to Fiske (5), â€Å"It is by no means natural for television to repr esent reality in the way that it does, just as it is by no means natural for language to do so.† Fiske considers most reality Television to be unrealistic. He claims that all television shows relies on codes to construct reality. In case of Jersey shore, most happenings are idealistic. A good example is the pretense that the casts are of Italian American origin, yet they

Education-Strategy Essay Example for Free

Education-Strategy Essay It is a common knowledge in human development that individuals have stark differences especially in their cognitive capacities and behavioral attributes. Education was then established to somehow reconcile this individual diversity hence it is a must for teachers to allot substantial amount of their time to prepare and assess instructional approach and materials that they will employ in classes of heterogeneous populace of students. To effectively facilitate the learning outcomes of students, teachers at every level should map out their objectives for the specified topic of each instructional period. Teachers usually have different strategies in preparing a lesson; some create detailed and meticulously encoded charts while other teachers plainly scrawl down the notes for a particular topic at a discarded piece of pad. Strategies in planning for an instructional approach are immaterial because the most important endeavor is for the teacher to execute wise decisions about the feasibility of their instructional technique to the successful attainment of learner goals. Furthermore, it is an educational requirement that teachers should be well-equipped of the knowledge that they are teaching because specialization of a particular subject matter effectually bolsters the realization of an educator’s designed objective for the improvement of students’ cognitive competence. First and foremost, before a teacher could outline relevant topics for a subject matter and its corresponding intent the teacher must conduct a pre-assessment of the students’ capacity and skills in a class that is needed to be handled; it can be in a form of a diagnostic test or conversational question-and-answer approach. The teacher ideally should not carry out an impersonal treatment to the students since they are not basically identical in aptitude and manners. After carefully assessing the individual needs of the students a teacher then must enterprise in designing a lesson plan that is precisely appropriate for the learners’ demand. In delivering carefully prepared instructional scheme, a teacher must keep in mind the unavoidable nuisance that may hinder the proper execution of the lessons’ objectives. In addressing this kind of problem in the classroom, teachers should make use of rewards and punishments to further reinforce the need to conquer irresponsible learning behaviors and the encouragement of receptiveness to knowledge enhancement. At the end of a specified topic’s timeframe, the teacher then is expected to administer a check-up test. In doing so, a teacher must be aware of the following criteria in designing a test questionnaire; the test must coincide with the intended learning objectives; the test questions should accurately recount the information taught; the test items must quantify relevant ideas and not those that are insignificant; the test items must be able to assess the composite behaviors, the practical abilities or principles-application of the students and not just simply reckoning memory skills; and lastly, the test questionnaire must be clear and simple to avoid confusion. The test should not be purely objective because it cannot measure the reasoning abilities of students. Provide spaces in the test papers that will measure the subjectivity level and argumentative skills of the students. Commonplace negative feedbacks occur every after a test exam is successfully completed. Normal setbacks such as large percentages of failing students occur that extremely pressures teachers because of strict adherence to the set timeframe of lesson plans. In cases of unforeseen problems like this, a teacher must devote time to communicate with the students to inquire the difficulties they have encountered in the entire instructional program. Subsequently, after the appraisal of the factors contributing to the failure of a large portion of students in the examination, the teacher may form study groups that will be evenly comprised of both astute and slow-learners. The teacher then must monitor that the study groups discuss or brainstorm about the previous topics while a new one is being elicited. Afterwards, the teacher may administer another test to evaluate the success of the remedial approach. Works Cited Center for Teaching and Learning. Brigham Young University http://ctl. byu. edu/? page_id=343 Ten Must-Know Facts About Educational Testing. PTA: Every Child, One Voice, 2000-2008 http://www. pta. org/archive_article_details_1117837372328. html